Violence and Socio-Economic Outcomes of Ukrainians in Poland and Ukraine

Almost one million Ukrainian refugees remain in Poland after more than 800 days of the full-scale Russian aggression. In this article, we explore happiness, trust and self-declared health of Ukrainian refugees in Poland and Ukrainians who stayed in Ukraine. We find that refugees are less well off both in terms of their general wellbeing (happiness) and also economically compared to their Ukraine-based peers. In addition, past experience of violence lowers happiness, generalized trust and health of Ukrainians in both countries.