Propaganda

Political propaganda provides further cases of speech-like behavior that aims to manipulate its audience by circumventing rational engagement. In their chapter, “Propaganda,” David Beaver and Jason Stanley highlight different forms propaganda can take, from framing devices (“The war on drugs”), to covert messaging (“There are Muslims among us”), to emotional charged slogans (“Make America Great Again”) and myths (“The American dream”), to seemingly objective bureaucratic reports (“Crime has risen 4.2%”).